The length of the various stages of design and development of standard R.A.F. types in peacetime as seen in retrospect in the Directorate of Technical Development in M.A.P. was as follows:

TABLE 45 Aircraft: stages of design and development

Stages

Time allowed (months)

Small aircraft

Medium aircraft

Large aircraft

1.

Air staff notify D.T.D.of requirements for new type

zero

zero

zero

2.

D.T.D. prepares specification

5

5

6

3.

Competitive tender (tender invitation); tender analysis and placing of prototype orders

8

9

10

4.

Construction of prototype

12

16

24

5.

Tests and trials

9

14

16

6.

Development orders

13

13

17


Development trials

12

12

12

7.

Production orders

6

8

10


Approx. total time

5½ years

6½ years

8 years

The various abridgements of the prototype stage, sometimes incorrectly described as orders 'off the drawing-board', were introduced in a number of designs including the Halifax, the Manchester and the Stirling. In the end, however, the Air Ministry adopted the more drastic policy of cutting out the prototype stage altogether and ordering 'off the drawing-board' in the narrower sense of the term. Instead of delaying production orders until a prototype had been tested, the Air Ministry now placed orders for quantity production at the same time as the prototypes. If, as a result of the tests of the prototypes, modifications appeared necessary, they were incorporated into the production series. The best examples of orders 'off the drawing-board', pure and simple, were the Bristol Beaufighter, designed late in 1938 and ordered in quantity in April 1939, the de Havilland Mosquito, designed in December 1939 and ordered in quantity in January 1940 and several Fleet Air Arm types.

The other stage to be abridge and eventually to be cut out was the competitive tender. For many reasons competitive designs came to be regarded as a luxury which the country could not afford under the stringent conditions of rearmament and war. Competition could be cut in two ways: either by allowing full play to private initiative in the initial stages (so-called 'private venture') or by the policy of special orders to earmarked firms. By accepting 'private ventures' the Air Ministry were able to save from six months to a year which would otherwise have gone on the preparations for competitive designs. 'Private ventures' were frequently combined with the system of 'special orders'. Under this system the Air Ministry of M.A.P. entrusted the design and production of a new type to a firm which, in the Ministry's view, was at the moment best able to create a new type of the necessary kind. What with the desire to save the time hitherto spent on organising competition, and with the imperative necessity to spare the efforts of the drawing offices, 'special orders' gradually became the prevailing system at M.A.P.

**********************

As early as January 1940 when the first wartime programme embodying the heavy bombers was settled, it was reckoned that ratios of weight to man-hours would, for the principal types, work out as follows:


Airframe structure weight (lbs)

Average man-hours (thousands)

lb. structure weight per 1,000 man-hours

FIGHTERS

Spitfire

2,055

15.2

135

Hurricane

2,468

10.3

240

Whirlwind

3,461

26.6

130

Tornado

3,600

15.5

233

BOMBERS

Battle

4,466

24

186

Whitley

9,557

52

184

Wellington

10,117

38

266

Manchester

15,650

52.1

300

Halifax

16,157

76

213

Stirling

26,630

75

314

The British placed much greater emphasis on repair throughout the war than did the AAF, because they were governed by economic considerations to a far greater extent than was the United States. 'The Air Ministry and the Ministry of Aircraft Production held that it was worth while to repair a plane even if it would require per cent of the man-hours and materials needed to build a new one, because the 10 per cent saving was essential to prosecution of the British production effort. This policy was more feasible in the United Kingdom where the aircraft factories were little more than a stone's throw from the combat bases. (AAF in WWII vol 6)

Basic Commodities

Commodity

Man-Time Needed

Motor Car (1904)
(Time Magazine, 1932)

1,291 Man Hours

Motor Car (1919)
(Time Magazine, 1932)

303 Man Hours

Motor Car (1929)
(Time Magazine, 1932)

92 Man Hours

1 Ton of Corn (1910)

48.2 Man Hours

1 Ton of Corn (1960)

8.21 Man Hours

One Ton of Steel (1900)
(Time Magazine, 1932)

70 Man Hours

One Ton of Steel (1929)
(Time Magazine, 1932)

13 Man Hours

One Ton of Steel (1982)

11.5 Man Hours

One Ton of Steel (1996)

2.5 Man Hours

2.32 Tons of Coal (1967)

1 Man Hour

3.33 tons of Ore Unloaded (1916)

1 Man Hour

2.45 feet of Rock Drilled (1916)

1 Man Hour

1 Ton of Mercury (1926)

3,125 Man Hours

1 Ton of Mercury (1933)

2,353 Man Hours

1 Long Ton of Iron Ore
(Open Pit 1910s)

0.99 Man Hours

1 Long Ton of Iron Ore
(Underground 1910s)

2.56 Man Hours

1 Long Ton of Iron Ore
(Open Pit 1920s)

0.74 Man Hours

1 Long Ton of Iron Ore
(Underground 1920s)

2.17 Man Hours

1 Long Ton of Iron Ore
(Open Pit 1930s)

0.51 Man Hours

1 Long Ton of Iron Ore
(Underground 1930s)

1.56 Man Hours



Effort in man hours, Spitfire production

Mark

Design

Jigging and Tooling

Spitfire Mk I

339,400

800,000

Spitfire Mk II

9,267

UNKNOWN

Spitfire Mk III

91,120

75,000

Spitfire Mk V

90,000

105,000

Spitfire Mk VI

14,340

50,000

Spitfire Mk IX

43,830

30,000

Spitfire Mk XII

27,210

16,000

Spitfire Mk VII

86,150

150,000

Spitfire Mk VIII

24,970

250,000

Spitfire Mk XIV

26,120

17,000

Spitfire Mk 21

168,500

UNKNOWN

Spitfire PR XI

12,415

UNKNOWN

Seafire Mk I

10,130

18,000

Seafire Mk II

3,685

40,000

Seafire Mk III

8,938

9,000

Seafire Mk XV

9,150

UNKNOWN

Seafire (Floats)

22,260

35,000

Figures as of September 1943 for Supermarine works in Southampton.


Raw Materials used to produce a Panzer III
(22,250 kg vehicle weight)

Material Type

Weight (kg)

Pct of final vehicle weight

Steel

39,000

175.28%

Tin

1.4

0.01%

Copper

60.1

0.27%

Aluminum

90.4

0.41%

Lead

71.1

0.32%

Zinc

49.1

0.22%

Rubber

125

0.56%

In May 1943 each ton of munitions the Germans made used less than half the iron and steel, 1/6 the aluminium and half the copper compared to the 1941 production.

Typical Plant Sizes

Plant Name

Employees

Henschel Kassel Plant (1945)
Two 12-Hour Shifts

8,000

Bell Buffalo Plant

28,000

Boeing Washington State Plants

50,000

Boeing Wichita Plant

40,000

Consolidate San Diego Plants

45,000

Consolidated Fort Worth Plant

32,000

Curtiss-Wright Columbus Plant

13,000

Douglas Santa Monica Plant

40,000

Douglas Tulsa Plant

22,000

Ford Willow Run Plant

42,000

Grumman Bethpage Plant

25,000

Lockheed Burbank Plants

94,000

Martin Middle River, MD Plant

53,000

Martin Omaha Plant

14,000

Republic Farmingdale Plant

24,000

A.V. Roe's Chadderton Plant

11,267
(7,887 Day Shift; 3,380 Night Shift)

Victory Aircraft Malton, Ontario Plant (1942)

3,300

Victory Aircraft Malton, Ontario Plant (1944)

9,521

Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield Lock (1933)

800

Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield Lock (1939)

9,500

Royal Arsenal, Woolrich (UK) (1918)

65,000

Royal Arsenal, Woolrich (UK) (1933)

7,000

Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham (1918)

5,730

Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham (1933)

354

New York Ship Building (1901)

4,000

New York Ship Building (WWI)

19,000

New York Ship Building (WWII)

34,000


Vehicles

Vehicle

Man-Time Needed

Cost

Tiger I

300,000 Man Hours

300,000 RM

Panther

150,000 Man Hours

117,000 RM

Panzer III (Pre 1943)

4,000 Man Hours

--

Panzer III (Post 1943)

2,000 Man Hours

--

Panzer IV


117,000 RM

T-34 (1941)

8,000 Man Hours

--

T-34 (1943)

3,700 Man Hours

--

SdKfz 9 Halftrack

--

60,000 RM

StuG IIIG

--

82,500 RM

Panzer IIA

--

52,640 RM

Panzer IIB

--

49,000 RM

Panzer IIF

--

52,728 RM

Panzer IIIM

--

103,163 RM

Panzer IVF

--

115,962 RM

Panzer IVG

--

125,000 RM

Tiger II

--

321,500 RM

Ferdinand/Elefant

--

399,800 RM

Aircraft

Aircraft

Man-Time Needed

Cost

He-219-A-0 (only 11 A/C Built)

9,000 Man Hours

--

Bf-109E (1939)

12,000 Man Hours

--

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6,000~ Man Hours

--

Bf-109F (1941)

7,800~ Man Hours

--

Bf-109F (1942)

4,000 Man Hours

--

Bf-109G (1942)

5,700~ Man Hours

--

Bf-109G (1943)

4,000 Man Hours

--

Bf-109G (1944)

2,000 Man Hours

--

P-38 (First Aircraft)

360,000 Man Hours

--

P-38 (500th Aircraft)

17,000 Man Hours

--

P-38 (10,000th Aircraft)

3,800 Man Hours

--

Avro Lancaster (1941)

51,000 Man Hours

--

Avro Lancaster (1945)

20,000 Man Hours

--

Il-2 Sturmovik (Early)

9,500 Man Hours

--

Il-2 Sturmovik (Late)

5,900 Man Hours

--

B-2A Spirit
(First A/C)

3,500,000 Man Hours

--

B-2A Spirit
(Northrop Estimate for 11th B-2)

1,000,000 Man Hours

--

Airbus 300
(First A/C)

340,000 Man Hours

--

Fiat G.55
(Early Production)

15,000 Man Hours

--

Bf-109

5,000 Man Hours

--

F-16A (1984)

29,000 Man Hours

--

F-16C (1989)

45,000 Man Hours

--

F-22 Mid Fuselage

60,000 Man Hours

--

Spitfire

15,200 Man Hours

--

Hurricane

10,300 Man Hours

--

Whirlwind

26,600 Man Hours

--

Tornado

15,500 Man Hours

--

Battle

24,000 Man Hours

--

Whitley

52,000 Man Hours

--

Wellington

38,000 Man Hours

--

Manchester

52,100 Man Hours

--

Halifax

76,000 Man Hours

--

Stirling

75,000 Man Hours

--

B-17 (1942)

54,800 Man Hours

--

B-17 (Seattle Boeing ; 1943)

35,400 Man Hours

--

B-17 (Seattle Boeing ; 1944)

18,600 Man Hours

--

B-24 (Consolidated San Diego; 1943)

24,800 Man Hours

--

B-24 (Consolidated San Diego; 1944)

14,500 Man Hours

--

B-25 (North American Inglewood; 1943)

14,800 Man Hours

--

B-25 (North American Inglewood; 1944)

10,700 Man Hours

--

C-46 (Curtiss Buffalo; 1943)

113,000 Man Hours

--

C-46 (Curtiss Buffalo; 1944)

49,500 Man Hours

--

C-54 (Douglas Santa Monica; 1943)

142,100 Man Hours

--

C-54 (Douglas Santa Monica; 1944)

62,600 Man Hours

--

P-38 (Lockheed Burbank; 1943)

14,800 Man Hours

--

P-38 (Lockheed Burbank; 1944)

9,600 Man Hours

--

P-47 (Republic Farmingale; 1943)

9,600 Man Hours

--

P-47 (Republic Farmingale; 1943)

9,100 Man Hours

--

Weapons

Weapon

Man-Time Needed

Cost

M1 Garand (July 1939)

22.8 Man Hours

--

M1 Garand (July 1941)

12.2 Man Hours

--

M1 Garand (Unknown)

5.1 Man Hours

--

G7a (Steam) Torpedo

1,707 Man Hours (Highly Skilled Workers)

20,000+ RM

G7e (Electric) Torpedo

1,255 Man Hours (Semi Skilled Workers)

--

Soviet 152mm Howitzer (1941)

4,500 Man Hours

--

Soviet 152mm Howitzer (1943)

2,400 Man Hours

--

1,000 TT Cartridges (early)

13 Man Hours

--

1,000 TT Cartridges (late)

10.8 Man Hours

--

Fiesler 103 (V-1) Flying Bomb

280 Man Hours

5,060 RM

A4/V-2 Rocket

12,950 Man Hours

48,000 RM

1941 US Production 20mm Oerlikon

428.4 Man Hours

--

1944 US Production 20mm Oerlikon

76.2 Man Hours

--

37mm Flak 37

4000+ Man Hours

--

Sten Gun

5 Man Hours

--

PPSh-41 SMG

7 Man Hours

--

PPD-41 SMG

14 Man Hours

--

M3 SMG

--

$15

M1A1 SMG

--

$40

Kar-98k

--

56 RM

MP-38

--

57 RM

MP-40

--

60 RM (significantly faster to make than MP-38)

MP-44

--

66 RM

MG-34

150 Man Hours

327 RM
(400 RM for tripod)

MG-42

75 Man Hours

250 RM

UK 2 Pdr ATG

2,682 Man Hours

--

UK 6 Pdr ATG

1,293 Man Hours

--

UK 17 Pdr ATG

2,726 Man Hours

--

UK 25 Pdr Gun

3,085 Man Hours

--

SMLE
(Enfield Factory)

72 Man Hours

--

SMLE
(BSA Factory)

48 Man Hours

--

SMLE
(Pratt and Whitney/Colt Factory with mass production)

28 Man Hours

--

Engines

Engine

Man-Time Needed

Cost

DB 601

2,420 to 3,000 Man Hours

28,800 to 35,800 RM

BMW 801 (1940)

2,400 Man Hours

80,700 RM

BMW 801 (1944)

1,520 Man Hours

45,000 RM

BMW 003A (Turbojet)

600 Man Hours

--

Jumo 004B (Turbojet)

700 Man Hours

--

Ships

Ships

Man-Time Needed

Cost

US George HW Bush CVN (estimated)

39,000,000 Man Hours

--

US Fleet Submarine (Early War)

2,000,000 Man Hours

--

US Fleet Submarine (Late War)

650,000 Man Hours

--

US Light Cruisers (Early)

7,700,000 Man Hours

--

US Light Cruisers (Late)

5,500,000 Man Hours

--

35,000 Ton Battleship
(National Geographic)

26,900,000 Man Hours

--

35,000 Ton Battleship
(Work done in Shipyard)
(Arsenal of Democracy: How Industry Builds Our Defense)

39,200,000 Man Hours

--

35,000 Ton Battleship
(Work Done outside Shipyard)
(Arsenal of Democracy: How Industry Builds Our Defense)

36,800,000 Man Hours

--

35,000 Ton Battleship
(Total Work needed)
(Arsenal of Democracy: How Industry Builds Our Defense)

76,000,000 Man Hours

--

US LSTs (Early)

750,000 Man Hours

--

US LSTs (Late)

450,000 Man Hours

--

US 2,100 Ton Destroyer (Fletcher?) (Early)

1,675,000 Man Hours

--

US 2,100 Ton Destroyer (Fletcher?) (Late)

925,000 Man Hours

--

US PT Boats (Early)

65,000 Man Hours

--

US PT Boats (Late)

35,000 Man hours

--

German Destroyer

1,780,000 Man Hours

--

German Torpedo Boat

1,190,000 Man Hours

--

German Minesweeper

220,000 Man Hours

--

German S- or R-Boat

40,000 Man Hours

--

German Armed Trawler

150,000 Man Hours

--

German Drifter

20,000 Man Hours

--

German U Boat (Average for 1942 mostly VIIs)

320,000 Man Hours

--

Liberty Ship (March 1941 Estimate)

640,000 Man Hours

--

Liberty Ship (1943; North Carolina Ship)

414,000 Man Hours

--

Liberty Ship (1943; Oregon Ship)

352,000 Man Hours

--

Liberty Ship (1943; Average of All Yards)

574,000 Man Hours

--



Times are from D.K. Brown's “From Nelson to Vanguard”

Conversion Factors:
Man Month = 160 man-hours
Man-Day = 8 Man-Hours

Type

Man-Time Needed

BB

46,000 Man Months (original)
7,360,000 Man Hours (calculated)

CV

31,115 Man Months (original)
4,978,400 Man Hours (calculated)

Fiji

15,017 Man Months (original)
2,402,720 Man Hours (calculated)

Dido

8,214 Man Months (original)
1,314,240 Man Hours (calculated)

'M' Class DD

4,991 Man Months (original)
798,560 Man Hours (calculated)

Hunt

2,944 Man Months (original)
479,040 Man Hours (calculated)

Corvette

922 Man Months (original)
147,520 Man Hours (calculated)

Submarine

2700 Man Months (original)
432,000 Man Hours (calculated)

Mahan DD

150,000 Man Days (original)
1,200,000 Man Hours (calculated)

Benson DD

165,000 Man Days (original)
1,320,000 Man Hours (calculated)

Fletcher DD

185,000 Man Days (original)
1,480,000 Man Hours (calculated)

River Class Escort

350,000 to 400,000 Man Hours (original)
375,000 Man Hours (average)

Captain Class Escort

600,000 to 700,000 Man Hours (original)
650,000 Man Hours (average)

Early US DE's

1,000,000 Man Hours

Late US DEs

600,000 to 700,000 Man Hours (original)
650,000 Man Hours (average)

US Liberty Ship

500,000 to 650,000 Man Hours (original)
575,000 Man Hours (average)

UK Empire Ship

350,000 Man Hours

In Submarine construction, it was said a US worker produced 3.8 tons a year, compared to 8.8 tons per year for a British worker.

Useful Formulas

Submarine Hull Stress Formula:

Stress = (Pressure x Hull Radius)/Plating Thickness



Shipyard Workforce Breakdown (1943 USA)

Job Type

Percentage of Total Workforce

Supervisory Workers
(Managers, Foremen)

8.6%

Skilled Workers

48.2%

Semi-Skilled Workers (General)

35.8%

Other Semi Skilled Workers

3.6%

Unskilled Workers
(Firemen, firewatchers, guards, janitors)

7.4%


I have figures from Anthony Kay's "German Gas Turbine and jet engine development 1933-1945" for the BMW 003A-2 taking 600 manhours out of a planned 500. These are actual German figures and conform with the production engineers Dr Fattners estimates of 500 manhours per engine.

This is much less than a piston engine.

Breakdown is:

Machining 220
Sheet Metal Work 160
Starter Governor 60
& Miscellaneous 100
Assembly 60

There are further breakdowns with the 66 turbine rotor blades requiring only 10 hours.

Of course this doesn't cover the cost of refining and transporting metals and raw materials.

The time taken for the Jumo 004 was 700 manhours.

In both engines there was very little nickel, chromium or manganese. At most 6kg of each with nickel virtually eliminated to 200 grams in some versions. Nickel was in very short supply.

The website http://www.focke-wulf190.com lists the manhours required for a BMW 801 as

"Durch eine Optimierung der Fertigung wurden die Preise für die Motoren immer weiter gesenkt. Der Preis einer BMW 801 Motoranlage lag 1940 bei 80700 RM und Ende 1942 nur noch bei 45000 RM. Davon entfielen 35600 RM auf den Motor und der Rest auf das Kommandogerät (3000 RM) und die Verkleidung des Motors (6400 RM). Die Anzahl der Fertigungsstunden betrug Ende 1942 etwa 16000 Stunden pro Motor."

Or in English

"The prices for the engines were continiously lowered by an optimization of manufacturing. The price of a BMW 801 engine was in 1940 80,700 RM and at the end of of 1942 only 45,000 RM. Of this 35,600 RM were allotted to the engine and the remainder to the control unit (3,000 RM) and the lining of the engine (6,400 RM). The number of manufacturing hours amounted to at the end of of 1942 about 16,000 hours per engine."

I would assume that a V12 engine like the DB603 would be about the same.

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Air forces are energy intensive, fuelling 1,000 Lancasters is the same amount of energy needed for 2,000 armoured division miles, say 50 miles for 40 armoured divisions.


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The Ju-388 Tooling took 388,000 to 400,000 Man Hours to set up and jig.


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Another is that the German emphasis on quality may have suffered. The Germans seemed to have an idea of quality that was not utilitarian. A friend of mine examined a Panther at Aberdeen, and reported that it was very finely done, including grinding down rough edges in the armor. This took additional man-hours, and added nothing to the Panther's usefulness. In contrast, the T-34 he examined had had its armor cut with cutting torches, and attached with the extremely rough edges intact. (The Sherman he examined had had armor cut with a band saw, functional but not fancy.)

Good Books:

Masters of Mass Production by Christy Borth

The Soviet Economy During the Second World War By Nikola Alekseevich Voznesenski

Average Monthly Wages in the USSR

Industry

1940

1944

Workers in a Union Industry

375 Rubles

573 Rubles

Coal Mining

--

729 Rubles

Steel Industry

--

697 Rubles

Engineering and technical personnel in a union industry

768 Rubles

1,209 Rubles

Engineering and technical personnel in coal mining

--

1,502 Rubles

Engineering and technical personnel in the Steel Industry

--

1,725 Rubles

The Soviet Economy and the Red Army, 1930-1945 By Walter Scott Dunn

Miscellaneous Journals:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science,Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug., 1943)

While the government has taken the lead in making war-store producers conscious of the pressing need for conservation, the manufacturer is encouraged to solve his own problems, suggest changes in design and material substitutions. This is in direct contrast with the policy in the United States, where a body of technical men in government service screen requisitions, make changes in specifications and design, and instruct the manufacturer accordingly. The results of the initiative and efficiency in many Canadian war plants are impressive. Some examples, taken at random, will illustrate what is being accomplished in this country.

[See speech of Mr. Lionel Chevrier in the House of Commons, June 15, 1943 (unrevised Hansard, pp. 3723-5).]

The body of the Bren Gun is made from a steel forging. It was found possible to redesign the forging dies to produce a forging nearer to the finished shape. This has resulted in an annual saving of 1,200,000 pounds of stainless steel, thus saving a large amount of chrome which is scarce ; 10,000 man-hours were saved in the machining of this one part. The dollar value of the saving on this item is $125,000.

A small catch on the Bren Magazine was originally designed to be built up with welding rod, then machined to shape. It was found possible to accomplish the same purpose by three press operations, saving annually 198,000 pounds of welding rod, $39,000 in oxygen and acetylene, 515,000 man-hours. Ten machine tools were eliminated from the operation. The value of the saving is $329,000.

The bipod assembly of the Boys Anti-Tank Rifle was redesigned to substitute malleable iron castings for steel forgings, steel tubing, and bar stock. The annual savings on this programme amount to 771,600 pounds of steel forgings (and forging capacity is critical), 72,000 pounds of seamless steel tubing (which is scarce and has to be imported), 164,500 pounds of bar steel, 477,600 hours of labour, and 77 machine tools. The annual saving is valued at $1,780,000.

The fuse for the 25-pounder shell was originally machined from brass bar stock. Brass calls for copper, which is in extremely short supply. The fuse was redesigned to be made from zinc die casting, resulting in an annual saving of 44 million pounds of brass bar stock, 906,000 man-hours, and 15 machine tools, valued at $6,500,000.

On one type of steel ammunition box, changes in production technique and materials have saved annually 241.5 million rivets, 442,400 man-hours, and 64 machine tools valued at $438,000.

The 25-pounder gun axle was changed from a machined steel bar weighing 4,521 pounds, to seamless steel tubing, weighing 263 pounds. The annual dollar saving is $150,000, represented by 226,800 pounds of steel, 34,000 man-hours, and 5 machine tools.

On the Anson aircraft various sheet aluminum parts have been replaced with plywood, saving annually 240,000 pounds of aluminum and 541,000 man-hours, valued at $1,469,000.

Hundreds of successful changes have been made in the Universal Carrier. An example is the track sprocket which was originally rough flame cut from steel plate and partly finish-machined all over. The sprocket is now centrifugally cast steel. The only machine operations are boring the hole for the shaft and drilling a few small holes. The annual saving in plate-stock is nearly nine million pounds, and 725,000 hours of labour are saved. The total annual saving is valued at $1,720,000.

Another example of substantial saving in metal is that of the small steering knuckle on military trucks. It was originally a green sand casting un-trimmed, weighing 69.75 pounds. By changing this item to a centrifugally spun casting, the weight has been reduced to 39 pounds. Two and one-half million pounds of metal have been saved per year.

The Ram Tank cupola assembly has been changed so that the cast armour and fabricated steel parts are now incorporated in the cast hull. This change has saved 2,232,000 pounds of cast armour and fabricated steel, as well as over 88,000 man- and machine-hours. The annual value of the saving is $930,000.

A final example will serve to illustrate the scope of the conservation work which is being done. This is a case involving the packing of motor vehicles for overseas shipment. A change was made in the manufacturing of the truck which made closer packing possible. A study was made of the construction of the packing case in order to make the best use of lumber and nails, both of which are scarce. The result has been an annual saving of 28 million cubic feet of shipping space, 3,635 freight cars, over two million dollars in nails and lumber, and